Interview on IPKat

I'm still officially on a blogging break for a few more days, but I couldn't resist mentioning Léon Dijkman's publication today on the IPKat Blog of his recent interview with me, titled On economic analysis of IP law: an interview with Professor Tom Cotter.  I had the pleasure of meeting Léon earlier this year in Germany, and again earlier this week while he was visiting Minnesota.  Here's a link to the interview.

Qualcomm Gets a Stay Pending Appeal

This just in, via Bloomberg News.  Here's the order.  I'll  be back soon with more.

Update:  It's a short order, so what follows is the operative part.  The panel consisted of Judges Tashima, M. Smith, and Bennett, and the order is per curiam.

To determine whether to issue a stay pending appeal, we consider “(1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.” Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 426 (2009) (quoting Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776 (1987)). An applicant for a stay “need not demonstrate that it is more likely than not they will win on the merits,” but rather must show “a reasonable probability” or “fair prospect” of success. Leiva-Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962, 966–67 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Hollingsworth v. Perry, 558 U.S. 183, 190 (2010)). Applying those factors here, we grant Qualcomm’s motion for a partial stay of the injunction pending appeal.

It is well-settled that, “as a general matter, the Sherman Act ‘does not restrict the . . . right of [a] trader or manufacturer engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to parties with whom he will deal.’” Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP (“Trinko”), 540 U.S. 398, 408 (2004) (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300, 307 (1919)). The Supreme Court recognized a very limited exception to that general rule when a monopolist terminated a voluntary and profitable course of dealing with a competitor and sacrificed short-term benefits to exclude competition in the long run. See generally Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985). That exception, however, is “at or near the outer boundary of [Sherman Act] liability.” Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409. And, here, even the two government agencies charged with the enforcement of antitrust laws—the FTC and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), see FTC v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 883 F.3d 848, 862 (9th Cir. 2018) (en banc)—disagree as to whether Qualcomm’s conduct implicates the duty to deal. Indeed, while the FTC prosecuted this antitrust enforcement action, the DOJ filed a statement of interest expressing its stark disagreement that Qualcomm has any antitrust duty to deal with rival chip suppliers.

We are satisfied that Qualcomm has shown, at minimum, the presence of serious questions on the merits of the district court’s determination that Qualcomm has an antitrust duty to license its SEPs to rival chip suppliers. See Lair v. Bullock, 697 F.3d 1200, 1204 (9th Cir. 2012). Qualcomm likewise has made the requisite showing that its practice of charging OEMs royalties for its patents on a per-handset basis does not violate the antitrust laws.^1/ See Doe v. Abbott Labs., 571 F.3d 930, 931 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that “allegations of monopoly leveraging through pricing conduct in two markets” do not “state a claim under § 2 of the Sherman Act absent an antitrust refusal to deal (or some other exclusionary practice) in the monopoly market or below-cost pricing in the second market” (citation omitted)).

^1/ Breaking from her standard practice, then-FTC Commissioner Maureen K. Ohlhausen issued a written dissenting statement to express her disagreement with the theory urged in the complaint and adopted by the district court that Qualcomm’s royalty rates operate as an exclusionary tax or surcharge on competitor products. See Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Maureen K. Ohlhausen In the Matter of Qualcomm, Inc., No. 141-0199, January 17, 2017.

Turning to the second Nken factor, we conclude that Qualcomm has demonstrated a probability of irreparable harm. The injunction requires Qualcomm to enter new contractual relationships and renegotiate existing ones on a large scale. The fundamental business changes that the injunction imposes cannot be easily undone should Qualcomm prevail on appeal. See NCAA v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Okla., 463 U.S. 1311, 1313–14 (1983) (White, Circuit Justice) (equities favored stay where, absent a stay, appellant’s contracts to broadcast collegiate football games would be void and could not be enforced, putting at risk business for entire season); Am. Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046, 1057–59 (9th Cir. 2009) (irreparable harm likely where order subjected plaintiff to immediate “Hobson’s choice” of either (1) signing agreements that would cause it to “incur large costs” and “disrupt and change the whole nature of its business” or (2) refusing to sign agreements, causing “a loss of customer goodwill” and potentially entire loss of business).

Finally, the balance of equites also weighs in favor of a stay. See Lair, 697 F.3d at 1215. Although the hardship to the party opposing the stay and the public interest usually merge when the government is the opposing party, see Nken, 556 U.S. at 435, this case is unique, as the government itself is divided about the propriety of the judgment and its impact on the public interest. Indeed, the Department of Defense and Department of Energy aver that the injunction threatens national security, and the DOJ posits that the injunction has the effect of harming rather than benefiting consumers.

Whether the district court’s order and injunction represent a trailblazing application of the antitrust laws, or instead an improper excursion beyond the outer limits of the Sherman Act, is a matter for another day. For now, weighing all relevant factors, we conclude that the requested stay is warranted. Therefore, pending the resolution of this appeal or until further order of this court, we stay the portions of the district court’s injunction requiring that (1) “Qualcomm must make exhaustive SEP licenses available to modem-chip suppliers,” and (2) “Qualcomm must not condition the supply of modem chips on a customer’s patent license status” and “must negotiate or renegotiate license terms” with its customers in that respect. This stay has the effect of maintaining the status quo ante during this expedited appeal. See id. at 429 (“A stay ‘simply suspend[s] judicial alteration of the status quo[.]’” (first alteration in original) (quoting Ohio Citizens for Responsible Energy, Inc. v. NRC, 479 U.S. 1213, 1313 (1986) (Scalia, Circuit Justice))).

I'm a bit surprised, and not quite sure how to interpret this.  One the one hand, I don't want to read too much into it.  The court says that the substantive issues are "a matter for another day," and a different panel may hear the appeal.  On the other hand, that paragraph beginning "We are satisfied" doesn't seem favorable to the FTC, though in my view it may be lending more importance to certain portions of Judge Koh's opinion than are warranted.  For my initial thoughts on her opinion, see here.  

Further update:  Florian Mueller has an informative post up on FOSS Patents.

 

Blogging Break

I will take a blogging break the final week of August, to prepare for upcoming classes and enjoy the end of summer.  The blog will resume after Labor Day (September 2).

New Book on Japanese Patent Law

Readers interested in comparative patent remedies, and comparative patent law more generally, may want to take a look at a new edited volume titled Japanese Patent Law:  Cases and Comments (Christopher Heath & Atsuhiro Furuta eds., Wolters Kluwer 2019).  The volume is part of the Max Planck Series on Asian Intellectual Property Law, and includes chapters on a range of topics, including discussions of punitive damages, injunctions, and damages calculation, wrongful enforcement.

 

Here is a link to the webpage, and here is the book description:

This first comprehensive work in English on all aspects of Japanese patent law presents 66 cases with an expert explanatory commentary from academics, attorneys, judges and members of the Japanese Patent Office. This book deals with the whole range of Japanese patent law – requirements of patentability, inventorship and ownership issues, procedures before the Patent Office, scope of protection and interpretation of claims, enforcement and infringement procedures, patent term extensions, licensing and antitrust issues, utility models and more. Many of the cases appear in English for the first time.

Following an informative introduction explaining the economic importance of the patent system for Japan, the cases cover such specific issues as the following:

• definition of an invention;
• assessment of prior art, novelty and inventive step;
• rights of co-inventors;
• disclaimers, corrections and amendments;
• scope and limits of patent protection;
• distinction between repair and reconstruction;
• doctrine of equivalents;
• domestic and international jurisdiction in patent matters;
• interim proceedings and measures;
• defence of invalidity;
• damage calculation;
• patent term extension system; and
• utility models.

Each case commentary follows a uniform structure, including background, summary of the facts, analysis and comparative remarks. The latter allows the reader to put developments in Japan in an international context.

With the wealth of knowledge it makes available – leading Japanese patent cases in English translation, comparative case commentaries by leading experts on Japanese patent law, comprehensive analytical coverage of all aspects of Japanese patent law and coverage of related fields such as licensing, antitrust and civil procedure – this easy-to-use book will be warmly welcomed by patent attorneys and other practitioners (including Japanese patent practitioners advising foreign clients), patent academics and patent offices worldwide.