On Monday I blogged
about the Federal Circuit’s nonprecedential opinion last week in Roland v.
InMusic, which discussed (among other things) the “inexorable flow” exception
to the U.S. rule that a patent owner can recover lost profits only for its own
lost profits, and not for those of a subsidiary or other affiliated
company. Last week’s other Federal
Circuit decision on damages, Wash World, Inc. v. Belanger Inc., is a
precedential opinion authored by Judge Stark, joined by Judges Lourie and Prost. Much of the opinion addresses the question of
whether the defendant forfeited certain arguments relating to claim construction
by not raising them in a timely fashion before the district court. (The Federal Circuit’s answer: yes as to two issues of claim construction,
no as to the third but it doesn’t matter because the district court’s
construction was correct.) A similar question
comes up in connection with the damages award, but the court concludes that
there was no forfeiture. The damages
issue on appeal is therefore whether there was sufficient evidence for the jury
award of $9.6 million in lost profits, given that about $2.6 million of it apparently
related to “convoyed” sales. The Federal
Circuit concludes that there was not, and therefore remands with instructions
to remit the $2.6 million.
Convoyed sales are sales
of goods or services that are complementary to the sale of the patented article. They may include things such as spare parts
or other nonpatented subject matter that may typically be sold along with the
patented subject matter. In Rite-Hite
Co. v. Kelley Corp., 56 F.3d 1538, 1550 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), the
Federal Circuit announced the following standard for deciding when the patent
owner may recover lost profits on sales of these convoyed goods:
. . . when recovery is sought on sales of unpatented
components sold with patented components, to the effect that the unpatented
components must function together with the patented component in some manner so
as to produce a desired end product or result. All the components together must
be analogous to components of a single assembly or be parts of a complete
machine, or they must constitute a functional unit. Our precedent has not
extended liability to include items that have essentially no functional relationship
to the patented invention and that may have been sold with an infringing device
only as a matter of convenience or business advantage.
As I discuss in my
forthcoming book Remedies in Intellectual Property Law, the requirement
that the convoyed goods “function together with the patented article,” and not
merely be sold along with the infringing product as a matter of convenience,
differs from the rule followed in the U.K., France, Japan, and Germany, all of which
apply a simple but-for principle, albeit subject to limitations on damages for
harms that are too remotely caused by the infringement. In our article Rethinking Patent Damages,
10 Tex. Intell. Prop. L.J. 1, 89
(2001), Roger Blair and I argued that the Federal Circuit's rule might be justified as a
sort of bright-line proximate causation rule.
In Patent
Remedies for Complex Products: Toward a
Global Consensus (C.
Bradford Biddle et al. eds., 2019), on the other hand, my coauthors and I, in
the chapter titled Lost Profits and Disgorgement, recommended that courts
should award lost profits on sales of convoyed goods “provided that the
patentee can demonstrate both (1) “but for” causation and (2) proximate causation,
which is established by demonstrating that sales of the unpatented component,
part, or good was ‘reasonably foreseeable by an infringing competitor in the relevant market,’” and I am
inclined to think that that is the better view.
The meaning of “function together with the patented component” is itself not always clear,
as the Wash World case shows.
There, the relevant claim was for a “spray-type car wash system”
comprising three elements: a carriage, a spray arm mounted from the carriage,
and a lighting system distributed along the arm. The convoyed goods were unpatented dryers
(see opinion p.24). As Dennis Crouch
points out, however, in his post yesterday about the case, although “according
to the court, the patentee did not present evidence of how the components
functionally interacted or depended on each other,” perhaps the patentee could
have “presented specific evidence showing that the dryers were functional
aspects of a carwash system–part of a single unit that is ordinarily sold
together”--or drafted its claims more broadly to cover the entire car wash
system, not just the novel feature. If
so, the Federal Circuit’s rule seems kind of arbitrary. Moreover, while a full compensation rule may
or may not be necessary to provide the optimal incentive to invent (or optimal
deterrence of infringement), it is a simple rule to understand; and traditional
proximate causation analysis arguably is sufficient to ensure that losses that
are too remote, unforeseeable, indirect, etc. would be excluded.